メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。
私たちが普段使う【注意】と、心理学の【注意】は意味が異なります。コラムでも、前回の心理検査や発達障害の回で【選択的注意】については触れていますが、今回は【注意】の中から【分割的注意】についてお話します。
私たちが使う【注意】は、ほとんどの場合“食べ過ぎ注意”“頭上注意”“高波注意報”のように、何かに“気をつける”という意味で使われます。
心理学では、この【注意】が違う意味で使われます。
◇
【分割的注意】とは。
幾つもの作業をおこなう時に、並列的に集中を切り替えたり、分配する機能のことです。私たちの生活はすべて、認知活動によりおこなわれており、認知活動はさまざまな【注意（意識を向ける、集中）】を必要とされます。
重要度や振り分け具合はケースによりますが、身近なものだと、ラジオを聴きながら勉強をする、テレビをつけて人と会話をする、犬の散歩をしながら明日のプレゼンを考える・・・と思い浮かべてもらうとわかりやすいかもしれません。
大袈裟に言えばマルチタスクですが、
作業上必要となる幾つもの情報を、一つ以上同時に実行していく機能
のことです。
授業中に先生の話を聞きながら黒板に書かれた字を見てノートに取る、これも分割的注意が必要で（ガヤガヤした教室内で先生の声だけに集中するのは選択的注意）ですから、この機能や選択的注意機能が低いと成績が振るわないということが起こります。
車の運転もそうで、バックミラーで後方車を確認したり、前方の車や先の信号、右折レーンにいる車、脇道から出てくるかもしれない人や車に気を配る、これも分割的注意になります。
家庭では料理を作るのに分割的注意を使っています。
私を例に『ポテトサラダを作る』で考えてみましょう。
実際の行動では、ポテトサラダを作りながら並行して、ご飯を炊くために米を研ぎ、出汁を取りながら味噌汁を作る準備をしつつ、ヒジキの煮物を作るために乾燥ヒジキを水に入れて戻したり、唐揚げの下味をつけたり、途中途中で出たゴミを片付け、調理器具を洗ったりを常に頭で考えながらスムーズに実行しています。
ジャガイモを洗って剥き、刻んだニンジンとラップに包んでレンジで加熱している間に、マヨネーズを冷蔵庫から出し、キュウリを刻み塩揉みしておきます。
そしながら、頭では出来上がったジャガイモを潰す、が浮かんできます。出来上がったジャガイモの粗熱を取りながら、塩揉みしていたキュウリの水分を絞り、それをジャガイモ、水分を絞り刻んだニンジンをマヨネーズと混ぜます。混ぜながら、掛かってきた電話を小首に挟んで話をします。電話をしながら、潰すために使ったボウルや包丁、使わない調理器具を洗い、シンクの中には物がないようにニンジンの皮やジャガイモの皮も一緒に片付けます。
これだけでもかなりの【分割的注意機能】を使っていることが分かると思います。
◇
これが仕事だとどうでしょう。
具体的に見てみましょう。
資料作成中にあなたのデスクに電話が掛かってきます。電話で要件をメモしながら『あ、これはすぐに部長に報告しないと』と考えています。
実際に行動として現れているのは“電話を受けながらメモ”ですが、３つのタスクを使用していることがわかりますか？
１）聞く → ２）メモを取る → ３）メモを取りながら誰にいつ報告すべきか考える
【注意】あらゆる場面で必要となる機能です。【注意】には、ザックリ分けて４つの【注意】があります。
集中的注意
選択的注意
分割的注意
転換的注意
です。次回はさまざまな【注意】を発達障害特性から考えていきます。
◇
＜運営会社：Jiyuuku Inc.＞
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