注意機能【１】

メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。

以前このコラムにも書きましたが、認知心理学で使う『注意』は、一般的に使われる“頭上注意”や“大雨注意報”とは意味が異なるという話をしました。

分割的注意とは？
2020.6.5コラムより

私たちは『注意』をさまざまな認知機能のベースになるものと考えています。

注意の定義はなかなか難しいのですが、日常に溢れ返る多くの情報から自分に必要／大切な情報を選択する、選択／処理機能、それが『注意』であるといえます。

『注意』には大きく分けて【全般性注意】【方向性注意】がありますが、今回は私たちが日常的によく使う機能、全般性注意をお話ししようと思います。

◇

全般性注意には、【持続性注意】【選択性注意】【転換性注意】【分配性注意】があります。持続“的”、選択“的”という表現もしますが意味は同じです。それぞれについて説明します。

【持続性注意】
持続する、繰り返しおこなわれる活動／作業の間（話を聞く／読書／勉強／運転など）、その行動を持続させる力。　←　最も低次で基本的な注意。
読書／書類整理／勉強／運転などの作業を例にとると、注意集中を妨げる要因がない静かな環境で、一定時間集中して作業や行動を継続する能力のことをいいます。
【選択性注意】
複数の刺激がある状態（テレビ／他人の会話／外部の騒音など）がある環境で、これらの外部刺激を無視し、本来の目的作業、行動のみに専念する力。
アナウンスや音楽が流れ、人出も多い雑踏の中を歩きながら友人の話に耳を傾けるような状況で発揮される力です。
【転換性注意】
複数の情報処理を交互におこなう力のことで、例えば勉強中に電話がかかってきた時に電話対応中は勉強の手を止め中断し、電話を切った後にすぐまた勉強を再開する、などです。
この力が弱いと、止めなくてはいけないのにゲームを止められず、どんどん風呂に入る時間が遅くなってしまう／部屋の片付け中に出てきた雑誌を読み耽ってしまい、部屋が片付かない、などが起こりやすくなります。
【分配性注意】
電話をしながら要点をメモする／資料をまとめながらスケジュール確認をする／料理をしながら洗い物を片付けていくなど、複数の作業／行動を中断せずに継続し同時処理する力。　←　最も高次で複雑な注意機能になります。
実際には二つ以上のことを並行して作業していくのでマルチタスクといえます。わかりやすい最たる例は料理で、究極のマルチタスクですね。

次回は注意機能を情報フィルターという視点からお話しします。

◇

＜運営会社：Jiyuuku Inc.＞

「注意機能【１】」への12件のフィードバック

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