思考実験【２】

メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。

前回に続きで、『テセウスの船』をアリストテレスの四原因から深掘りしてみたいと思います。少し長くなりますがご了承ください。

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物事の在り方すべては『四原因』で説明できると考えたのが古代ギリシアの哲学者、アリストテレスです。

まず『四原因』とは・・・

・質量因　・形相因　・動力因　・目的因

であり、

  1. 質量因・・・組成は何か？
  2. 形相因・・・形状は？
  3. 動力因・・・誰がどのように作った？
  4. 目的因・・・目的は何か？

になります。

アリストテレスは『テセウスの船』で重要なのは、それが“どのような形状か”を決定する２の形相因と考えました。形相因はその物の“見た目”を示していることはおわかりだと思います。

老朽化により幾度となく修理が重ねられた『テセウスの船』ですが、いくら当初からの部品がすべて入れ替わっても「見た目は変わらないので、それは同一と言える」というのがアリストテレスの解です。

次に組成素材の１の質量因から見てみましょう。

船の最初の部品はすべて取り替えられており、別の組成の素材が使われているので同一ではないと言えると思います。

しかし、３の動力因から見てみると、船は修理を重ねても当初と同じ技法で作り直されたであろうと考えられますので、同一であると言えるのではないでしょうか。

次に４の目的因から見てみましょう。

見た目は変わらず船であると認識できること、またテセウスが使用したという事実は変わらず同一であると考えられます。

このように、どのような物がどのように在るか？を細かく分解し考え、何が重要なのか各々の捉え方次第で思考実験『テセウスの船』の答えは変わってくるのです。

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さらに＜同じ＞に着目してみましょう。

＜同じ＞とは“何をもって”＜同じ＞と言えるのか？

＜同じ＞という概念を考えてみます。

＜同じ＞の概念は【質】と【数】に分けられます。＜同じ＞の概念で、どちらに着目し重要視するかで『テセウスの船』の答えは変わってきます。

どういうことかというと・・・

『テセウスの船』は老朽化により、長い時間をかけてすべての部品が交換されていっています。これは【質】という点で考えると変わってしまっているため、＜同じ＞とは言えません。

しかし、『テセウスの船』と呼ばれる船は、建造された当初から現在に至るまで、この一隻のみで他には存在しません。そう考えると【数】という点で＜同じ＞であると言えるわけです。

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次に時系列から考えてみます。

『テセウスの船』は修理に修理を重ねて、その部品すべてが入れ替わったとしても、建造された当初から現在に至るまでのどの時点でも『テセウスの船』として在り続けました。これを『テセウスの船ではない』とするならば、どの時点から『テセウスの船』ではなくなったのでしょうか。

最初に部品を取り替えた時？

最後に部品を取り替えた時？

さらに話を進め空間という視点から考えてみます。

私たちが生きる３次元は空間的な広がりです。平面（わかりやすくいうと紙面やガラス面といった“面”）が２次元であるのは皆さんご存知ですね。

４次元は立体的な３次元に時間的な広がりを与えた概念です。“一瞬一瞬”という短い時間を“区切って”考えると・・・一瞬前の『テセウスの船』と今の『テセウスの船』、一瞬後の『テセウスの船』は別の船と考えます。この考え方で考えると、老朽化から修理云々の問題とはまったく関係なくなってしまうのがおわかりでしょうか。

ミカンで考えてみましょう。

一瞬前のミカンと今のミカン、一瞬後のミカンは同じミカンではありません。一瞬が１秒であったとして、そのミカンは一瞬前のミカンより質が劣化していると言えるからです。

こんがらがってきたところで・・・

仕組みや構造から物事の本質を考察し、探ろうとする考え方は構造主義と言います。

変化し続ける物事のどこに注目するのか、何をもってその価値を定義するのか、人の数だけ答えはあります。

あなたの見方、考え方、捉え方は当たり前ではなく、１００人いれば１００通りの考え方があるということを改めてわかったのではないでしょうか。

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＜運営会社：Jiyuuku Inc.＞

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