脳科学と認知心理学からみた【記憶】のお話

メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。

今回は【記憶】についてお話してみようと思います。多少難しいかもしれませんが、改めて『人間の脳って、認知ってスゴいぃ！』と考えるキッカケになればと思います。

【 記 憶 】

皆さんにも馴染みの深い単語だと思います。『記憶力がなくて年号を覚えるのが苦手』や『記憶力が落ちてきた、もう歳かな』などなど、一度は聞いたことも言ったこともあるのではないでしょうか。

さて、この【記憶】、情報処理モデルから考えると、

記銘（符号化）→ 保持（貯蔵）→ 想起（検索）→ 忘却

という処理が脳内でおこなわれています。今回は記憶についてなので、非常に重要な働きをする忘却ですが、敢えて省略したいと思います。

まず最初に、記憶は

【感覚記憶】【短期記憶】【長期記憶】

に分けられることから説明します。

【感覚記憶】 感覚記憶とは、視覚、聴覚、味覚、触覚など感覚器官で受け取った外界情報を一時保持しておくための記憶です。

視覚的な情報（映像記憶）をアイコニックメモリー、聴覚的な情報をエコイックメモリーといい、その記憶は正確ですが、どちらも長くても数秒間しか保持できません。フォトジェニックメモリーという、見たものをそのまま写真のように記憶できる人がいますが稀です。記憶保持時間が短い順に、 感覚記憶＜短期記憶＜長期記憶　になります。

【短期記憶】
短期記憶とは、最近耳にする機会も増えた【ワーキングメモリー】のことで、作業記憶とも言われます。さまざまな情報を“とりあえず”一時的に保管しておく役割があり、ワーキングメモリーの容量が低いと日常生活や仕事でも至るところで困り感が表れます。電話番号や指示されたいくつかのことを一時的に覚えておく、これがワーキングメモリーです。
【長期記憶】
長期記憶とは、文字どおり長きに渡り残る記憶のことで、陳述記憶（意味記憶とエピソード記憶に分かれる）、非陳述記憶（手続き記憶と情動記憶に分かれる）に分類されます。陳述記憶とは言語化できる記憶で、非陳述記憶は言葉で説明できない記憶です。陳述記憶の＜エピソード記憶＞とは『夏に友達と銀座のかき氷屋さんに行った』など、体験した主観的エピソードで、意識して記憶しようと思わなくても覚えている記憶で、そのまま（言葉で）伝えることができます。また物事を暗記する場合、暗記した情報は陳述記憶の＜意味記憶＞に貯蔵されます。
非陳述記憶の＜手続き記憶＞とは、ピアノが弾ける、ラジオ体操、自転車に乗れるなど、反復訓練することで身に付く記憶のことです。また、感情が絡んだ記憶を＜情動記憶＞といい、“情動”が思い出（記憶）を作り出します。例えば、家族みんなで行った海でスイカ割り、などがそれに当たります。

◇

次に脳内でおこなわれている情報処理モデルについて説明します。

【記銘】符号化：情報入力された感覚刺激を意味がある情報に交換し、そこに保持するまでの一連の情報処理過程のことで、意味情報に変換できない入力情報は記憶されにくいと言えます。例えば、意味を理解できる日本語は記憶しやすいのですが、意味を理解できない難しい外国語は記憶することが困難、という感じです。

【保持】貯蔵：記銘により変換された意味情報は保持されますが、入力された情報が同じであっても、保持される内容は人によって違う場合もあります。意味情報に変換される際に用いられる持ち合わせた知識が人によって違うためで、入力された情報が削除されたり、付加されたりで起こることが原因です。

【想起】検索：保持されている記憶が取り出されることで、取り出す過程で再生、再認、再構成のいずれかが使われます。この再生、再認、再構成について、もう少し詳しく説明します。

自分では思い出せないけど、手がかりがあれば思い出せることってありますよね。難しい漢字を例にとってみます。

＜鬱＞うつ。読めますよね。この読めるけど書けない・・・が、再認。＜鬱＞という漢字を書けて読めて且つ、鬱積、鬱憤など、他の知識に繋げて臨機応変に思い出し、活用できる状態が再構成です。

再認、再生は“知っている”状態、再構成できる段階で初めて“理解している”状態

と言えるのです。この『理解している』と『知っている』を混同して使っている人が多いですよね。

記憶には“先入観”からくるプライミング記憶という、面白い記憶もあります。難しい話が随分長くなってしまったので、今回は端折りますが、気になる方はGoogle先生に聞いてみてください（笑）

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