知能検査と言われるもの

メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。

心理検査は数値として表せるものから解釈が必要なもの、信頼度の高いものからセラピストの経験値で信頼度が変わってくるもの、簡単なものから時間のかかるものまで多種多様に存在します。

その中で、今回取り上げるWISC-Ⅳは、ウィスクフォーと呼ばれメジャーなテストです。

年齢別に、幼児用のWPPSI（ウィプシ）から児童〜１９歳のWISC（ウィスク）、成人用のWAIS（ウェイス）と分けられており、現在は改訂されたWPPSI３版、WISC、WAISは４版になります。

発達障害が疑われる場合にも使われますが、これだけで発達障害がわかるという検査ではなく、一つのツールに過ぎません。知能検査と付いていてＩＱも出ますが、WISCやWAISで測定できるのは知能というより、さまざまな認知的部分です。

読者の中には自分でWAIS結果、お子さんのWISC結果を持ってる人もいるのではないでしょうか。

ここでは端折ってザックリと簡単に説明します。

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WISCは大まかに、

  • 言語理解
  • 知覚推理
  • ワーキングメモリー
  • 処理速度

と分かれており、それぞれの合計から全検査ＩＱが出されます。

言語理解や知覚推理ってナニ？それから一体何がわかるの？そう思いますよね。

言語理解は言語的なことを理解したり把握する能力。

知覚推理は物事を目で見て理解したり操作する能力。

ワーキングメモリーは注意、集中、記憶に関する能力。

処理速度は手先の器用さ、速さに関する能力を全体的にみています。

細かくお話すると、下位検査や群指数など専門的な話を交えなくてはならず、説明が長く難しくなり過ぎると思いましたので割愛します。

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また細かく分けると、

●言語理解の中に
類似：概念を理解したり推理する能力。
単語：言語概念の形成や単語の知識。
知識：一般的な学習や事実についての知識量。
理解：一般常識や社会性を理解する能力。
●知覚推理の中に
積木模様：抽象的な視覚情報を分析し統合する能力。
行列推理：流動性知能（※１）や視覚性知能、空間把握に関する能力。
パズル：視覚情報の分析能力。
バランス：量的な推理な類比推理能力
絵の完成：重要な部分とそうでない部分を視覚から振り分ける能力。

※１）流動性知能：知能には流動性知能と結晶性知能があり、流動性知能は論理的思考力、計算力や関係把握などで動作性知能。結晶性知能とは社会全体に対する経験や知識、また技能プロセスなどで言語知能。

●ワーキングメモリーの中に
数唄：注意力や記憶力に関する能力。
算数：記憶力や計算能力。
語音整列：記憶力や注意力、継次処理（※２）に関する能力。

※２）継次処理：その人の認知、及び認知処理スタイルの違いで、【同時処理】【継次処理】があります。わかりやすく具体例を出します。

★あなたは夕食に何を食べましたか？という質問に、

（１）テーブルの上にご飯とアジの開きがあって、キュウリのサラダと豆腐の味噌汁にカボチャの煮物があった。

（２）煮物は・・・カボチャ、主菜はアジの開きだった。味噌汁に入っていたのは・・・豆腐だ。サラダはキュウリのサラダだったかな。

（１）のようにテーブル上のものを映像として思い出した人は、同時処理的な認知スタイル。（２）のように順番に思い出す人は継次処理的認知スタイル。同時処理は全体から細部へ理解していくタイプ、継次処理は細部から全体へ順番に理解していくタイプになります。

この認知スタイルの違いから、

同時処理的認知の人は視覚的、空間的情報優位。

継次処理的認知の人は聴覚的、言語的情報優位。

であると言えます。私たちはそのスタイルを状況により使い分けたり、組み合わせたりして情報処理しています。なので、はっきり『この認知スタイル！』と分かれることは少なく、どちらか寄り・・・くらいです。発達障害があると、どちらかに大きく偏りがあったり、突き抜けていることもあります。

●処理速度の中に
記号探し：集中力や作業効率に関する能力。
符号：視覚認知や速度に関する能力。
絵の抹消：運動や選択的注意（※３）に関する能力。

※３）選択的注意：さまざまな情報（視覚、聴覚）から、今、自分に必要な情報を選択し、そこに注意を向ける機能のこと。

◇

数値が高い、低いと一喜一憂しそうになるものですが、高いから偉い、低いからダメ・・・そうではありません。数値のバラツキがあると生きづらさを感じる項目もありますが、

自身を知る一つのツールとして役立てることが正しい理解

です。

お願いできる部分は配慮をお願いすることや、ライフハックを身につけることで対策を取れることが多くありますし、今はさまざまな認知機能トレーニングができるアプリなども開発されています。

◇

＜運営会社：Jiyuuku Inc.＞

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  82. Attempt to imagine guiding the resistance with your elbows
    and never just pulling it together with your hands. Too much “pulling” will result in a
    greater degree of elbow flexion and won’t optimally hit the lats.
    Lower the burden being used and give attention to getting the cable row
    attachment all the finest way to your body. Rear delt exercises don’t come much more convenient than the
    band pull-apart. As properly as being a superb posterior shoulder
    exercise, the band pull-apart is a priceless postural train and a strong antidote to all of the sitting that most individuals do.
    Nonetheless, despite being a less fashionable
    exercise, bent-over rows are still a fantastic back builder.
    By understanding how TRX rows work the muscular
    tissues in your again, you will get the utmost profit from this exercise whereas avoiding injury.

    What makes rows an even more “awesome-er” exercise
    is the huge vary of variety that exists. Barbell row, bench row,
    dumbbell row, elevated row, cable row, single-arm cable row….literally dozens.
    In this text, we’re going to take a look at one back row model that the
    majority of individuals have doubtless accomplished, the machine
    high row, additionally known as the Hammer Strength High
    Row. Meadows rows are an isolateral row performed using a landmine base
    and barbell. These are comparable in form to dumbbell rows however let you raise more weight via a larger vary of movement.

    Correct execution with a good core and managed movements enhances muscle density and growth.
    They primarily target the latissimus dorsi,
    the largest muscle in your back, serving to you obtain that spectacular “V” form.
    If you’re in search of a training program that covers every muscle within the
    physique in addition to the back, we’ve received you lined.

    Examine out our ATHLEAN-X packages to see which is the most effective match
    for your objectives and health stage.
    If the vibe checks you are seeking to cross require “strong” and “powerful”, you’re going to desire a complementary again. This will significantly improve the difficulty
    degree and force your physique to work even tougher.
    This is a good variation to put as a lot emphasis as potential on the back.

    This will totally activate the muscle tissue and will present
    most strength and muscle positive aspects. This
    will put an excessive amount of emphasis on the traps and change the stimulus of the motion. You can do this exercise in numerous methods to fulfill your wants and objectives.

    By knowing the mistakes to keep away from and taking the
    right actions, you might full the train safely and successfully.
    So let’s get began on avoiding those frequent errors and making this exercise a standard a half of
    your health training. Seated cable rows are a horizontal pull exercise that’s performed on a cable pulley
    machine. The cable pulley machine eliminates a number of the
    want for stabilization that’s required of extra technically demanding row variations such as the barbell row and dumbbell row.

    The bent-over row can exchange the seated row with
    related advantages.
    If you row the barbell higher in your chest, the train begins to resemble barbell rear delt rows.
    That will mostly work your rear delts and the top elements of
    your back, and never as a lot of your mid-back as regular barbell rows
    do. At least, in case your function for doing this exercise is to construct
    your back muscles and to not prepare your grip energy.
    Most folks can do considerably extra reps or use heavier weights in the event that they use lifting straps, which means a
    greater training effect for your back muscle tissue.
    Yes, beginners can carry out rear delt rows, but it’s necessary to start with a lighter weight and give consideration to proper form.

    Rear Delt row is a really efficient and useful exercise for building muscle and strength in the rear deltoids and upper back.

    Nonetheless, although they might look the identical, seated rows
    with a resistance band aren’t pretty a lot as good as seated rows accomplished on a cable row machine.

    In that case, you may wish to avoid unsupported bent-over rows and persist with movements like seated
    cable rows and chest-supported rows, which are far more decrease back-friendly.

    While reverse grip rows are more lower-back-friendly than common bent-over rows, the lower back remains to be strongly concerned.

    Understanding which muscle tissue are engaged through the
    Seated Cable Row can considerably enhance your performance and results.

    Constructing a robust mind-to-muscle connection is a must for maximizing the advantages of your upper-body power exercise.
    I typically program Seated Cable Rows as a supplemental strength train that is also
    efficient at developing hypertrophy. The single-handed movement may even have the
    added problem of your torso having to exert anti-rotational power, since half of your physique shall
    be pulled to one side. This could be a good way to have interaction your core and develop it additional,
    especially the side abdominals. Together With a cable row in your exercise routine would be the surest way to achieve well-rounded and solid outcomes along with your
    back growth. It also works the erector spinae, forearms and
    biceps brachii to a lesser extent, too.
    Start seated in entrance of a cable machine with knees barely bent in order that
    they don’t lock out during motion (this will help protect against injury).
    Lat pulldowns are a fantastic alternative to rowing exercises for working the identical muscular tissues.
    This train targets the latissimus dorsi, or lats, as properly as the biceps and
    rear deltoids. To perform this exercise accurately, sit on a bench along with your toes flat on the floor and maintain onto
    a bar attached to a cable machine above you.

    By putting the barbell down between reps,
    your decrease again gets slightly relaxation. It additionally implies
    that you will begin each rep from a useless start, not having as a lot pressure in your muscle tissue as when you would have saved
    it off the bottom. According to information from
    our workout log, the typical male user can barbell row 80 kg
    (176 lb) for a one-rep max (1RM). The common feminine user
    can raise 42.5 kg (94 lb) within the barbell row. The variety of reps you do in the barbell row must be guided by your function for doing the train.
    Instead, stick to a weight that’s difficult however allows you to
    do the total row slowly—including bringing your elbows up and lowering
    the load with management. The alternative between seated rows and bent-over rows
    in the end depends on your health targets, equipment availability, and particular person issues.
    If you are simply beginning out, it is necessary to learn the movement of scapular retraction—the act of compacting your shoulder blades again and down. Let your shoulder blades slide ahead in the starting place, and ensure to retract them in the pulling motion.
    The eccentric phase, the place you resist the weight stack as you let the deal with return to the starting position, is crucial
    for muscle development. Scapular retraction helps with maximum muscle stimulation and ensures that accent muscular tissues, such
    as the rhomboids and rear deltoids, are additionally activated.
    Whereas it’s tempting to stack on heavier weights
    to construct Barbell Row energy, this could compromise
    your type and increase the chance of damage.

    These muscular tissues assist to tug the shoulder blades together and down while additionally serving to to stabilize your spine
    throughout rowing workouts. The Inverted Row is a superb alternative to the Seated
    Underhand Cable Row. It is a body weight exercise that
    works the identical muscular tissues as the seated row,
    however could be done anyplace with minimal equipment.
    The inverted row requires you to tug your body up in direction of a bar, using your arms and again muscular tissues, whereas sustaining a stable core.
    This train helps strengthen and build the latissimus dorsi, trapezius,
    and rhomboid muscles, in addition to other smaller muscular tissues of
    the again. By strengthening these muscles, the inverted row can be used to enhance the
    seated row, or can even be used instead exercise if desired.
    The Seated Underhand Cable Row exercise is useful for energy coaching
    and health routines as a outcome of it could successfully target
    the posterior deltoid muscle tissue.
    By adding a vertical pulling motion (like the pull-up or lat pulldowns) and an exercise for the
    back extensors, (like the deadlift or a 
    again extension), you’ve an entire again workout. Utilizing a wider grip and adjusting your form slightly emphasizes barely totally different muscle tissue than the standard seated cable row.

    Specifically, the wide-grip seated cable row trains your higher back and
    rear delts greater than your lats.
    The seated cable row, as mentioned within the introduction, is
    performed on a cable pulley machine. However, it may additionally be carried out by sitting
    on the bottom or by establishing a bench in the cable matrix if yours doesn’t.
    Provoke the movement by reaching down to pick up the dumbbell off the ground with the
    opposite hand whereas keeping your again straight and aligned.
    Have Interaction your again and shoulders, lifting the dumbbell as much as your
    chest. As Quickly As you attain the highest of the exercise,
    squeeze your shoulder again and make positive you feel the engagement in your back muscular tissues.

    This isn’t primarily based on any sound scientific
    reasoning, although, and is basically just health club lore.

    Whereas it’s not one of many primary muscles targeted by
    the Seated Cable Row, the rear delts nonetheless play
    an necessary role in helping you execute the
    motion. Utilizing varied grips and cable row variations, corresponding to Rope Cable Row variations, can enhance
    muscle activation. When you’re performing Deadlifts or
    Bent-Over Rows, the erector spinae maintain your spine in a neutral place, safeguarding your vertebrae and preventing a
    stubborn harm.
    You perform this with a staggered stance, permitting you to
    use a little momentum to get in some fuller reps. Resistance Band Flys are a wonderful complement to the Seated Underhand Cable Row
    exercise. Resistance Band Flys goal the opposing
    muscle group of the Seated Underhand Cable Row, which is the chest.
    This train helps to create balance between the back and chest muscles.

    Sturdy latissimus dorsi muscles contribute to stability in your shoulders.
    Shoulder accidents are prevalent in those that
    participate in sports that use overhead motions, similar to basketball, baseball, some monitor and field sports, volleyball, tennis, lacrosse, and others.
    The variations and alternatives of the Seated Row embody using machines, changing the grip, shifting
    the chest pads, and adjusting the positioning of your arms.
    Each set ought to use gradual and easy, not jerky, movements to completely have interaction the biceps and again muscular
    tissues. Sitting on the floor permits you to simulate
    sitting on the machine. Keep your back straight and relaxed, together with your shoulders down and back.
    Doing this will be certain that you primarily work the muscle tissue in your arms and back.

    If you haven’t tried this train earlier than, load the barbell with an affordable quantity
    of weight, prioritizing an quantity that lets
    you persist with proper kind somewhat than trying to lift heavy.
    If you don’t have any dumbbells, and nowhere to anchor
    a suspension trainer, you could also do the seated row with resistance bands.
    Named after bodybuilder John Meadows, who popularized the train, the Meadows row
    is a modified version of a single-arm dumbbell row,
    carried out with a barbell quite than a dumbbell.
    Low rows are an effective exercise for focusing on the
    lower again muscle tissue. Now start pulling downwards in path
    of your torso whereas engaging core muscular tissues simultaneously till resistance has been felt all along the spine area.

    Getting your coronary heart price up and building muscle is an excellent
    approach to increase ranges of these essential hormones in women and men. The single-arm Smith Machine row requires using a
    Smith Machine, a specialized train machine with a
    single long bar. While standing, you position your self at a slight angle
    beside the Smith machine and pull the bar upwards, partaking the back muscle
    tissue. The seated machine row is a traditional seated row carried out on a machine.
    It primarily targets the middle again, with a secondary focus
    on the biceps.
    All three sets of fibers are involved in reverse grip rows, however the middle fibers are the most lively
    as they work to drag your shoulders again and together. The middle traps work
    with the rhomboids, that are small muscles positioned between the
    shoulder blades. Situated on the sides of your upper
    back, the lats are the muscular tissues that
    offer you your V-taper and torso width. The functions of the lats are extension, adduction, and medial rotation of the shoulders.

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