視覚機能って？

メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。

今回はＡＳＤ・ＡＤＨＤ重複を持つ息子を例にしながら、【視覚】についてさまざまな角度から簡単にお話したいと思います。

発達障害と言っても、＜先の見通しを立てることが苦手＞＜こだわりが強くて融通が利かない＞＜部屋が片付けられなくてカオス＞＜忘れ物が半端ない＞＜先送り癖がヒドイ＞といった、比較的わかりやすい特性だけを取り出して『ＡＳＤなんだから』『ＡＤＨＤだし』と、困り感を一言で表すことはできません。

仮に診断名が同じであっても、特性の表れ方や濃淡には差がありますし、元となる性格の違い、見落とされがちですが、成育歴や取り巻く環境によっても本人の困り感、周りの困り感の表れ方が違うからです。

発達障害の中には、息子のように視覚機能に弱さがあるケースも非常に多く見られます。視力も数ある視覚機能の一つですが、視覚機能は視力だけを指すのではなく、

  • 眼球運動や両眼の使い方、それを調節する【入力機能】。
  • 視覚情報を記憶、認知したり想像する【処理機能／視覚認知】。
  • 見たものを体と協調させる【出力機能】。

があり、これらをまとめて【視覚機能】と呼びます。

◇

視覚機能の“入力系”に弱さがあると、

  • 読むのにかなり時間がかかる。
  • 本を読む時に文字や行を読み飛ばしてしまう。
  • 読んでいるところがわからなくなる。
  • 板書を写すことに時間がかかる。
  • キャッチボールや球技が苦手。

“処理系”に弱さがあると、

  • 漢字やひらがなを覚えることが苦手。
  • 同じ間違いや反転文字（鏡文字）が多い。
  • 身振り手振りを真似することが苦手。

眼球運動機能や空間認知もこの能力に関係しています。

“出力系”に弱さがあると、

  • 細かい手作業が苦手。
  • スポーツが苦手（球技、縄跳び、跳び箱など）。

いろいろな場面で＜不器用＞という形で困り感が表れます。

視力だけが良くても、目で見た情報を処理する機能が上手く働かなければ、脳でその情報を処理できず体が動けなくなってしまいます。不器用さは手先指先だけのことと思われがちですが、実は視覚機能と深い関係があるのです。

◇

次から次へと山のように困り感が噴出中の息子を例にすると、彼は学力に大きな問題がないにも関わらず、

●板書を写すこと。
●文字の大きさを揃えてバランスよく書くこと。
●スポーツ全般、特に球技。
●自転車に乗ること（乗れることは乗れます）。
●よく物を失くし見つけられない。
●紐を蝶結びしたり、ビニール袋を丸めて片結び。
●（服などの）ボタンを留める。
●工作や裁縫。

など多くのことに困り感があります。本人の自己理解や障害受容がまだまだのため、困り感といっても実際には本人はどこ吹く風の状態で、専ら私を含め、周りが支援だ、トレーニングだ、自己理解だ、と対応策に追われているのが実情です。

学校生活を送る彼の、視覚機能で一番の課題は“眼球運動”です。人は誰でも【眼球運動（情報入力）→ 視空間認知（情報処理）】という過程を辿りますが、眼球運動に弱さがあると、かなり生活に影響が出てきます。

この“眼球運動”には追従、跳躍とあり、追従はゆっくりめに眼球を動かす運動、跳躍は素早く眼球を動かす運動です。例えば、“右（左）から左（右）へ向け、ゆっくり移動させる指先を顔を動かさず目だけ（視点）で追う”は追従、“両手を広げて左右の指を一本立て、その間を顔を動かさず目（視点）だけで素早く移動させる”は跳躍、になります。

息子は追従運動にはさほど苦手ではありませんが、跳躍運動には問題を抱えており、ビジョントレーニングを継続していますが、頭痛まで加わりかなり疲れるようです。

視覚機能のチェックポイントの“入力系”“処理系”を見ていくと、幾つかの特徴があります。これはあくまで学校生活から見たチェックポイントになりますが、大人でも当てはまる部分があるので参考までに。

〜入力系〜
▷文字を読むのに時間がかかる。
▷読んでいるところがわからなくなる。
▷読む時に文字や行を読み飛ばしてしまう。
▷ボールの受け取りがとても苦手。
▷作業時に忙しなく視線を動かす。
▷板書や文字の書き写し（辞書を見ながらノートを写すなど）に時間がかかる。
▷図形が苦手。
〜処理系〜
▷左右を間違えやすい。
▷ひらがなや漢字を覚えることが苦手、同じ間違いや反転文字（鏡文字）が多い。
▷目で見て動き（体操、ダンス）を真似ることがとても苦手、あるいはできない。

『学校の勉強、全然できなくて・・・頭悪かったもんなぁ』が、知的な問題ではなく、実は視覚機能に何らかの弱さがあったのかもしれません。

◇

＜運営会社：Jiyuuku Inc.＞

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