ADHDの課題【時間管理】について＜４＞：認知面の気付きと対策を考える。

⚠︎：発達障害は先天的な脳の発達の偏りなので、親の躾や環境、また、本人のせいでもありません。発達障害をややこしくしているのは、無理解、無知からくる不適切な対応などでさまざまな神経症や精神疾患を併発したことによる二次障害といえます。

メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。

４回目、次回５回目は、ＡＤＨＤの時間管理／認知面の気付きと対策について考えていきます。

認知（思考）の歪みには、不安や抑うつを生む自動思考と呼ばれるものも多く含まれますが、あまりにも普段の思考に密接であることから、なかなか気付きにくいものです。

自動思考とは、起こった出来事に対する咄嗟の評価

で、その評価が正しいこともあれば、そうでもない時もあります。

ＡＳＤやＡＤＨＤを持つ人は、“失敗”から自動思考が知らないうちに徐々に歪んでいくので、不安や抑うつに引き込まれやすい傾向にあります。

自分の【自動思考の中にある認知の歪み】に気付くことが第一歩になります。

克服するための第二歩が、

【歪んだ自動思考に気付き、その思考に自ら反論し、それに代わる合理的反応を自身で持てるようになる】ことです。

起こった出来事に対する【認知】が【感情】を生み出すのですが、この“認知（思考）”は、出来事が起こった瞬時に自動的に生み出されるものなので（だから自動思考）、その結果生まれる感情にばかり目を向けがちで、【認知】そのものはほったらかし、意識しないことがほとんどです。

認知の歪みを引き起こす自動思考にはさまざまな出どころがあるのですが、本題から外れるので認知について掘り下げてお話する機会に取っておきます。

自動思考、認知の歪みに気付くためには、感情そのものではなく、感情が生まれた出来事に対し、自分が“どのように受け取ったか”に意識を向ける練習が必要になります。

“不快”“辛い”“不安”“怒り”という感情の変化が起こった時にメモを取り、その感情にラベル付けしてみます。←毎回やるのは大変ですから、やれる環境にある時に意識的にやってみましょう。

前提）明日の大切なプレゼン用資料作りを任され、それを今夜中に仕上げなくてはいけないので徹夜になりそうです。資料作りに取り掛かろうとした時に憂鬱な気持ちに襲われるかもしれませんし、想像しただけで強い感情に襲われるかもしれません。

自動思考は何らかの感情と直接関係しています。今回、具体的にどのような自動思考が表れやすいのか見ていきましょう。

●それが【不安】からの場合
「どうしよう、もし失敗したらどうすればいいんだ・・・」「もうプロジェクトから外されるかもしれない」

●それが【抑うつ】からの場合
「あーダメだダメだ、こんなんじゃダメに決まってる！」「自分はなぜこんなことも満足にできないんだ」

●それが【怒り】からの場合
「自分一人にこんな膨大な資料を作らせるなんて上司は酷すぎる！」「要求レベルが高すぎる！きっと私に失敗させようとしてるんだ」

このように、起こった出来事（明日までに作成しなければならないプレゼン資料）により湧き上がってきた自分の感情（不安、抑うつ、怒り）を俯瞰し、じっくり観察してみることで、感情や行動（完璧主義や回避傾向）のトリガーとなる自動思考を同定していきます。

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【認知の歪み】の具体例

●二分割思考（０か１００か）完璧主義
物事を白か黒か、０か１００かの両極端でしか捉えられない。
例：「もしこれで契約が取れなければ、もう自分は終わりだ」

●過度な一般化
一つのネガティブな出来事だけを根拠に、すべて悪いほうに捉える。
例：「自分は何一つまともにできない」「自分は幸せになんかなれない」

●“すべき”思考
過度に「〜すべき」「〜しなければならない」と考え過ぎ、それが実現できないと罪悪感や自罰傾向が高まる。自分の中の“べき”に則った行動をしてしまう。
例：「良くないおこないをする人には、どう思われてもその人のために注意すべきだ」「自分はクズなんだから、何を言われても黙って甘受しなくてはならない」

●レッテル貼り
たった一度の出来事で、自分や他者にネガティブなレッテル貼りイメージを固定してしまう。
例：「どんな綺麗事を言ったってどうせ裏切られる」「所詮女（男）はこういうものだ」

●結論の飛躍
結論が正確かもわからないのに（そのような事実はないのに）、ネガティブな解釈をする。＜心の読み過ぎ、空気の読み過ぎ＞と＜根拠があるわけでもなく相手に確認もしていないのに、相手は自分に対しネガティブな反応をしていると思い込む＞という二通りのタイプがある。
例：「自分が話をしていたのにスマホを見た、きっと話が面白くないに違いない」

●先読みの誤り
起きてもいないのに、悪い結果になると勝手に予想し、その予想が確立した事実と思い込む。
例：「同窓会で嫌な思いをするに決まってる、だから行くものか」

●選択的注意(以前お話した“選択的注意”とは違います)
小さな一つのネガティブな側面だけを取り出し、他を無視してそのことだけを考える。
例：「その髪型似合うね、髪の色はもう少し暗いほうがいいかも」に対し「どうせ似合わないと思ってるんだろう」

●自分への関連付け
実際に自分に責任がないことでも、ネガティブな出来事をすべて自分のせいだと考えてしまう。
例：「私が発表しているのにあの人が出て行ったのは、私の話が退屈だったからだ」←たまたま電車の時間だったかも、具合が悪く席を立ったのかも、と思わない。

●破滅思考
もし○○が起こったら、もしくは、〇〇が起こらなかったら破滅だ、と決めつけて考えてしまう。
例：「もし面接に落ちたらおしまいだ、自分は耐えられないだろう」「彼がいなくなったらもう生きていけない」

認知の歪みは極端な思考を呼び、不快感や不安、怒りといった強い感情を生み出しやすくなります。認知→感情、の感情にだけ目を向けるのではなく、感情の出どころ（認知）に意識を向ける練習を続けると、自分の自動思考に気付けるようになります。

◇

自分の自動思考における認知の歪みを同定できたら、合理的な反論で、その歪みに自分で反論してみます。自動思考→認知の歪み→その認知に反論した合理的反応・・・の例を一つ出して考えてみましょう。

＜例：やっとこぎ着けた就職の三次面接前夜＞

  • 自動思考：次こそ面接で上手くやらなくては。はぁ、ちゃんとやれるのか本当に心配だ。毎回こんな時は神経質になってしまって、本来の自分が見せられたことが一度もない。もう１０回目の面接だ・・・でも、こんな好条件な仕事は二度と私には巡ってこない。
  • 認知の歪み：破滅化、過度の一般化、先読みの誤り
  • 合理的反応：「いかんいかん、自分は少し神経質になってるのかも。でも、面接なんて誰でも緊張したり神経質になるものだよな。緊張するなんて面接する側もわかってるはずだし。よし！履歴書も職務経歴書も丁寧によく出来てる、緊張して多少上手く話せなくてもこれで自分をわかってもらえるだろう。」

もう一つ例を出します。

＜何日も前から親に「片付けるように」と言われていた散らかった部屋、「そういえば片付けたの？」と聞かれました。＞

  • 自動思考：「あっ、何もやってないや。はぁ、つくづく自分って怠け者でダメダメな人間なんだろうな」
  • 認知の歪み：過度な一般化
  • 合理的反応：「確かに自分を片付けは苦手で時間もかかる。でも、だからといってすべてにおいて怠け者というわけではないよな。まとめては難しいけど、今日はタンスだけ明日は机と机周り、というふうにやれば自分でもできるぞ！」

合理的反応を目指すためには、まず【認知の歪み】やそこからくる【自動思考】に気付かなくては始まりません。

ちょっと自己分析してみませんか？

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＜運営会社：Jiyuuku Inc.＞

「ADHDの課題【時間管理】について＜４＞：認知面の気付きと対策を考える。」への78件のフィードバック

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