メンタル・イデア・ラボの本城ハルです。
社会生活を送る中で人は些細なことから人生を左右する大きなことまで、あらゆる選択の日々を送っています。
「お昼は何を食べようか」「晩ご飯は何を作ろうか」「シャンプー変えてみようかな」といった小さな選択→決定から、「クルマはどのタイプがいいか」「病院に行くか行かないか」「家を買うか借りるか、マンションか戸建か」「転職するかしないか」など比較的大きな選択→決定まで、どんな選択もまったくしない日は一日もありません。
意思決定を『すべて自分一人で決めている』『誰のどんな影響も受けてないもんね』なんて思っているアナタ・・・そんなアナタに今回はいろいろな認知バイアス詰め合わせセットをお届けしたいと思います。
脳科学や社会学、心理学だけでなく、学校でも個人的には中学生あたりから認知バイアスについて教えてもいいと思っています。例えば道徳や総合の科目あたりで。
思い込みや思考の偏りはなぜ生まれるのか？認知バイアスにはどんな種類があるのか？などなかなか面白い授業ができそうです。
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以前、“錯覚”という記事でバーナム効果などサラッと書いたので記憶にある人もいるかもしれません。企業広告に政治的プロパガンダ、ＳＮＳ、と私たちは気付かぬうちに実に多くの無作為、作為的なバイアスに影響を受けながら意思決定をしています（誘導されている？）
認知バイアスは誰にでもある思考の偏り／思い込みです。いくら「自分はちゃんと物事を客観的に見れている」と思っていても、実は誰もが自分を客観的に見ることは苦手なものなのです。“自分を客観的に”、これこそが前回、前々回で話をしたメタ認知に当たります。
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【自己奉仕バイアス】
同じ失敗でも他者の時は「その人に原因がある」と感じ、自分の時には「外的要因があった」と感じることです。
例）Ａさんが忘れ物をした時には「出かける前にちゃんと確認しないから、いつもドジだからもう！」と感じ、自分が忘れ物をしてしまった時には「出かける前に宅配便が来たから／昨夜彼女（彼氏）が遅くに来たから・・・」などと忘れ物をした原因を外的要因に関連づけて考えます。
この自己奉仕バイアス、めちゃくちゃ厄介です。なぜなら、他者からは“自分のことは棚に上げて偉そうに”と映るからです。
【確証バイアス】
自分の仮説や根拠のないジンクスを信じてしまい、反証する意見や情報を無視するのが確証バイアスです。
例）ＡＢ型の人って二面性があって付き合いにくい／Ａ型は神経質だ←人は誰でも多面性を持ってますし、几帳面であることに血液型は無関係です。
アイツは雨男だから←たまたま雨が続いただけで雨男と思い込む。黒猫は不吉だ←大昔、魔女狩りがあった時代から悪魔の使いと言われていますが、黒猫はただ毛の色が黒いだけで不吉でも何でもありません。黒が不吉と考えるバイアスですね。黒猫にとっては迷惑以外の何ものでもないでしょう。
確証バイアスは誰にでも見られるかなり強力なバイアスですので、心当たりがある人も多いのではないでしょうか。
長くなりましたので２回に分けます。次回は認知バイアス三昧でお届けしようと思います。
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＜運営会社：Jiyuuku Inc.＞
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